Specifically, the presence of serovar-specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with an increase of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) cytokines and selective neutrophil infiltration in aqueous humor is indicative of endotoxin as a possible causative factor for leptospiral uveitis. The etiology of ocular features of leptospirosis has been postulated as a host immune response and/or toxin production. In addition, leptospiral uveitis is most prevalent in young to middle-aged men, likely from their higher involvement in agricultural work. The incidence of infection is 10 times higher in tropical and subtropical climates as opposed to temporal climates. Leptospirosis is the most common zoonotic illness globally with an estimated 500,000 high-risk cases per year and 30% mortality rate. cattle, pigs, horses, racoons, porcupines, domesticated dogs) or their body fluids (especially urine) via water or soil contamination. The primary mode of human transmission is direct or indirect contact with infected animals (e.g. Both anterior and posterior segment ophthalmic manifestations can occur in Leptospirosis and this Eyewiki emphasizes these ocular findings. Weil disease is the late icteric phase following severe systemic manifestations including interstitial nephritis, uremia, oliguria, kidney lesions, vascular injury, meningitis, jaundice, psychosis, confusion, and delirium. The majority of cases present with the acute (anicteric) phase consisting of self-limiting clinical manifestations including sudden fever, myalgia, headache, scleral icterus, chemosis, nausea, anorexia, and abdominal pain. This tropical disease is the most common zoonotic illness worldwide. Options include medicines, educational and occupational therapy, dermabrasion, and surgery.Leptospirosis (Weil disease) is a gram-negative, water-borne, spirochete that is part of the Leptospira genus within the Leptospiraceae family. Tuberous sclerosis has no cure, but treatments can help symptoms. In rare cases, tumors in vital organs or other symptoms can be life-threatening. In some people the disease is mild, while in others it causes severe disabilities. In others it can take time for the symptoms to develop. Some people have signs of tuberous sclerosis at birth. skin problems, such as light patches and thickened skin.Symptoms vary depending on the location of the tumors. Tuberous sclerosis is a rare genetic disease that causes noncancerous tumors to grow in the brain and other organs.First signs usually occur during infancy or childhood but in rare cases may not occur until 2nd or 3rd decade. Hereditary disease characterized by seizures, mental retardation, developmental delay, and skin and ocular lesions.Mutations in two loci tsc1 and tsc2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease. It is also associated with cortical tuber and hamartomas formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by mental retardation epilepsy and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules).
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